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Group 1 - Southeast Asian countries are caught in a complex situation due to US-China trade tensions, relying on Chinese supply chains while facing US tariffs [1][11] - The "China plus one" strategy has led multinational companies to shift assembly operations to Southeast Asia to avoid US tariffs, but this still ties them to Chinese supply chains [5][6] - Southeast Asia's dependence on Chinese supply chains is critical for its assembly industries, which are essential for exports to the US market [8][10] Group 2 - The tightening of US policies under the Trump administration has exacerbated the challenges faced by Southeast Asian countries, pushing them towards a more extreme position of choosing sides [3][15] - New US policies classify products as "Made in China" if they rely on Chinese components, imposing additional tariffs and creating uncertainty for Southeast Asian exporters [17][20] - The economic growth in Southeast Asia is showing signs of fragility, with industries like textiles and electronics facing significant risks due to reliance on US markets and Chinese supply chains [22][23] Group 3 - The US has pressured Southeast Asian countries to choose between trade agreements with the US or China, complicating their ability to maintain a balanced approach [29][31] - Countries like Indonesia have rejected US demands, while smaller nations like Cambodia face difficult choices between losing access to the US market or compromising their strategic autonomy with China [32][35] - The path to industrial upgrading for Southeast Asia is fraught with challenges, as they struggle to break free from dependence on Chinese supply chains while needing to enhance their technological capabilities [34]