欧媒盘点：这一年里，欧盟到底受了特朗普多少气？

Core Viewpoint - The relationship between the United States and the European Union has deteriorated significantly since President Trump's second term began, with the Trump administration applying pressure on Europe through tariffs and other issues, attempting to force compliance from the EU [1][12]. Summary by Sections January to March - Following Trump's return to the White House, the EU responded to tariff threats by accelerating cooperation with other trade partners, unlike China, which took countermeasures [3]. - Trump announced tariffs on steel and aluminum, prompting EU's Ursula von der Leyen to indicate a "firm and reciprocal response" [3][15]. - The EU implemented countermeasures against U.S. goods worth €26 billion but ultimately did not follow through on these retaliatory measures [5][16]. April to June - Trump's 20% "reciprocal tariff" officially took effect, with Trump mocking the EU's response as weak [17]. - The EU listed a countermeasure plan covering U.S. goods worth €100 billion but did not take action [18]. - During the G7 summit, the EU sought cooperation with Trump on issues regarding Russia and China, but these efforts were largely unsuccessful [18]. July to August - A trade agreement was reached in July, where the U.S. agreed to lower tariffs to 15%, while the EU committed to purchasing $750 billion in energy products from the U.S. and investing $600 billion in the U.S. [19][21]. - The final details of the trade framework were released, with the U.S. setting a 15% tariff cap on most EU goods, while maintaining a 50% tariff on steel and aluminum [21][22]. September to December - Trade disputes eased, but Trump pushed for pharmaceutical production to return to the U.S., threatening Ireland's pharmaceutical exports [22]. - Disagreements arose over environmental regulations, with Trump demanding the EU drop certain requirements, which the EU refused [23]. - In December, the U.S. criticized Europe for economic decline and threatened to interfere in European political matters, leading to concerns among European leaders [24]. Overall Impact - The year 2025 is characterized as a significant year of trade trauma for Europe due to Trump's aggressive policies, prompting the EU to reassess its security dependence on the U.S. and seek new trade partners [24].