区块链技术核心技术原理与算法进阶

Core Insights - Blockchain technology has evolved from a mere digital currency foundation to a revolutionary infrastructure supporting finance, supply chains, and the Internet of Things since the release of the Bitcoin white paper in 2008 [2] Group 1: Underlying Technology Architecture - The core technology of blockchain consists of four components: asymmetric encryption, hash algorithms, P2P networks, and consensus mechanisms, forming the basis of decentralized trust [3] Group 2: Asymmetric Encryption - Bitcoin utilizes the Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm (ECDSA) to generate key pairs, ensuring transaction authenticity through public and private keys, thus addressing identity fraud and data tampering issues in centralized systems [4] Group 3: Hash Algorithms - The SHA-256 algorithm compresses data into a 256-bit hash value, creating a chain structure that is irreversible; any attempt to alter a block requires recalculating all subsequent hashes, making data tampering economically unfeasible [4] Group 4: P2P Networks - Blockchain employs the Gossip protocol for data broadcasting and synchronization among nodes, with Ethereum's DevP2P protocol enhancing node discovery and transaction processing efficiency, capable of handling thousands of transactions per second [5] Group 5: Consensus Mechanisms - Blockchain systems are structured in six layers: data layer, network layer, consensus layer, incentive layer, contract layer, and application layer, working together to achieve decentralized trust and smart contract execution [5] Group 6: Data Layer - The data layer encapsulates the underlying data blocks and encryption technology, with Bitcoin's UTXO model supporting parallel processing and Ethereum's account model utilizing a global state tree for balance and contract storage [6] Group 7: Consensus Layer - The incentive layer encourages node participation through token rewards, with Bitcoin miners earning new coins and transaction fees, while Ethereum 2.0 stakers earn rewards by locking ETH, creating an economically self-sustaining ecosystem [7]