铜浆替代银浆，隆基，晶科，天合导入进度

Group 1 - The core focus of the article is on the progress of using base metals like copper and nickel as substitutes for silver paste in photovoltaic (PV) cell manufacturing, which is essential for cost reduction in metalization [1] - Major companies such as Jinko, Trina, Longi, and Huasheng have developed specific solutions for different battery technology routes, with some technologies already entering small-scale production [1] - The industry faces three common challenges in the transition to base metal substitutes: the lack of mass production plans for HJT copper paste, the need for stability verification in TOPCon silver-coated copper, and unresolved efficiency degradation issues with nickel-containing silver paste [2] Group 2 - Copper paste is identified as a key choice for base metal substitution, with significant differences in its processing compared to traditional silver paste, leading to both cost and technical challenges [3] - The advantages of copper paste include a substantial reduction in silver demand, as back-side silver paste accounts for over 40% of silver usage in PV applications, and the potential for long-term cost reductions, with prices theoretically dropping below 1000 RMB per kilogram [6] - However, challenges include the inferior oxidation resistance and welding stability of copper compared to silver, increased investment due to new equipment, and the current reliance on testing phases for most solutions [7] Group 3 - Various metalization technology routes are being innovated, with laser transfer, film transfer, and screen printing techniques each having their own advantages and challenges, leading to significant differences in industrialization progress [8] - Screen printing technology currently leads in terms of mass production capabilities, while laser transfer remains a long-term focus due to its high paste savings, and film transfer is lagging due to a lack of industrial validation [8] Group 4 - The photovoltaic metalization sector is undergoing a dual transformation involving the substitution of base metals for silver paste and innovations in processing techniques, which will directly impact cost reduction and efficiency improvements in the industry [9] - The competition in metalization technology is expected to intensify with the release of new technologies like perovskite and BC around 2026-2027, favoring companies with technological reserves and mass production capabilities [9]