黑金诅咒！委内瑞拉从拉美首富，跌落到绝境的真相

Group 1 - Venezuela's economy heavily relies on oil, with oil export revenues accounting for over 95% of national fiscal income, making it vulnerable to price fluctuations [3][4] - The country has not upgraded its oil industry technology for years, leading to a continuous decline in production capacity [3][4] - The Venezuelan government previously missed opportunities to diversify its economy during high oil price periods from 2000 to 2014, failing to invest adequately in manufacturing and agriculture [4][5] Group 2 - The International Monetary Fund (IMF) has stated that Venezuela's economic crisis is a result of multiple factors, including over-reliance on a single resource, poor policy decisions, and external sanctions [3][4] - The Venezuelan oil company (PDVSA) was intended to be a core player in the economic transition, with plans to upgrade extraction technology and develop alternative industries, but these plans were not effectively executed [4] - Social welfare programs funded by oil revenues have become unsustainable due to declining oil income, exacerbating fiscal burdens on the government [4][5]