赢家通吃格局突变，日本制造业跌落，谁将主宰中美欧新战局

Core Viewpoint - The decline of Japanese manufacturing, once a symbol of quality and technology, is attributed to a combination of historical missteps, internal stagnation, and external pressures, leading to a significant loss of market share to competitors from China, the US, and Europe [1][20]. Group 1: Historical Context - The decline of Japanese manufacturing can be traced back to events like the Toshiba incident in the 1980s, which led to severe sanctions and a loss of international standing in high-end industrial equipment and electronics [3][4]. - Japanese companies such as Hitachi and Panasonic faced fierce competition from South Korean firms like Samsung and LG, ultimately leading to their exit from key markets like televisions and semiconductors [4][8]. Group 2: Internal Challenges - The internal promotion system and reliance on traditional advantages have made Japanese companies slow to respond to global competition, resulting in management rigidity and a lack of innovation [6][9]. - The economic bubble burst in the 1990s led to a prolonged period of stagnation, with reduced R&D investment and a shift in talent away from engineering to finance and services, further eroding innovation capabilities [11][13]. Group 3: External Pressures - The US-Japan semiconductor agreement in the 1980s significantly hampered Japan's semiconductor industry, allowing South Korea's Samsung to rise as a dominant player in the global market [8][9]. - The current global manufacturing landscape is characterized by a push for reshoring in the US and Europe, which is attracting investments away from Japan, exacerbating its industrial hollowing [15][16]. Group 4: Competitive Landscape - Chinese companies, such as BYD, are rapidly advancing in sectors like electric vehicles, effectively outpacing traditional Japanese automakers like Toyota and Honda [6][18]. - Japanese brands are losing ground in both emerging and developed markets, as Chinese firms leverage lessons from Japanese manufacturing while being more responsive to local market demands [18][20].