欧洲手里有哪些“撬动”美国经济的杠杆？

Group 1: Transatlantic Trade and Relations - The daily trade of goods and services between the US and the EU exceeds $5.4 billion, supported by extensive cross-border investments that sustain millions of jobs [1][7] - EU leaders are viewing the vast flows of goods, services, and investments as potential leverage against the US, especially in light of recent tensions [1][7] - The current crisis in transatlantic relations is considered one of the most severe, with implications for future interactions under the Trump administration [1][7] Group 2: Financial Leverage and US Debt - European investors hold approximately $2 trillion in US Treasury bonds, which positions them with significant financial leverage over the US economy [2][8] - Concerns are raised about the sustainability of US debt, with potential consequences if European investors cease purchasing US bonds, leading to increased capital costs for the US government [2][9] - Some European entities, like Denmark's AkademikerPension, are beginning to question US creditworthiness, indicating a shift in sentiment towards US debt [3][9] Group 3: Service Trade Dynamics - The EU purchased around $300 billion in services from the US last year, while exporting about $200 billion, creating a service trade surplus that could be leveraged against the US [4][10] - There are warnings that restricting US services could harm European industrial competitiveness, particularly in technology sectors where US offerings are hard to replace [5][11] - Some European countries have implemented digital service taxes, which have drawn criticism from the US government, highlighting tensions over technology policies [5][11] Group 4: Implementation Challenges - The effectiveness of European leverage is questioned, particularly regarding their ability to implement measures against the US [6][12] - The EU's decision-making process is often seen as slow and convoluted, which may hinder timely responses to US actions [6][12] - Recent delays in approving trade agreements with South American countries illustrate the challenges faced by the EU in diversifying its trade relationships [6][12]