朱西产：安全是智能汽车的起点，也是自动驾驶的终极考验

Core Viewpoint - Safety remains the most important topic in the automotive industry and is the starting point for smart vehicles and the ultimate test for autonomous driving [1] Group 1: Autonomous Driving Levels and Regulations - The global automotive automation level classification is consistent, ranging from L0 to L5, with L2 being entry-level assisted driving and L3, L4, and L5 classified as autonomous driving [3] - In December 2025, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology announced that Changan Automobile and BAIC Jihe received the first batch of L3 conditional autonomous driving vehicle permits in China [3] - The penetration rate of vehicles with L2 combined driving assistance functions is expected to reach 66.1% by the end of 2025 [4] Group 2: Limitations of OTA Upgrades - It is not feasible to upgrade L2 vehicles to L3 through OTA (Over-The-Air) updates due to hardware limitations [4] - The electronic architecture of L2 vehicles does not meet the safety and computational requirements for L3 autonomous driving [4] Group 3: Role of AI in Smart Vehicles - AI is driving the revolution in automotive intelligence and is considered the "soul" of smart electric vehicles, with electric vehicles serving as the foundational platform [5] - The use of language models in smart cockpits and the integration of deep learning models in intelligent driving are becoming common [6] - By 2026, visual language models and world models are expected to be significant trends in intelligent driving [6] Group 4: Safety Challenges in Autonomous Driving - Key safety issues remain unresolved in autonomous driving, which is a major reason for its lack of realization [8] - Unknown risks during the operation of combined assistance driving systems include dangerous takeovers due to misidentification of targets and emergency system misactivations [9] - The requirements for safety in autonomous driving have expanded to include cybersecurity, functional safety, and expected functional safety [9] Group 5: Future of Smart Vehicles - The development of smart vehicles has reached a crossroads, with L2 intelligent assisted driving improving vehicles, L3 autonomous driving potentially revolutionizing them, and L4 driverless technology transforming mobility [10] - There is an expectation for L3 vehicles to achieve stable operation at full speed on highways, including speeds of 0-120 km/h and above [10]