最高法院否决后特朗普火速启用15%新关税，经济学家质疑理由牵强

Core Viewpoint - The new 15% tariff introduced by President Trump aims to address a perceived international balance of payments crisis, which many economists argue does not exist [2][3] Group 1: Tariff Implementation - The new 15% tariff began at midnight on Tuesday, replacing previously imposed tariffs of 10% to 50% under the IEEPA [2] - The legal basis for the new tariff is Section 122 of the Trade Act of 1974, which allows the President to impose tariffs for up to 150 days to address significant international payment issues [2] Group 2: Economic Perspectives - Economists, including former IMF Deputy Managing Director Gita Gopinath, dispute the existence of a balance of payments crisis, stating that the U.S. is not facing a crisis characterized by soaring international borrowing costs [3] - Gopinath attributes the recent negative balance in primary income to foreign investments in U.S. stocks and risk assets, which have outperformed foreign assets [3] - Mark Sobel, a former U.S. Treasury and IMF official, emphasizes that balance of payments crises are typically associated with fixed exchange rate regimes, while the U.S. dollar has remained stable under a floating exchange rate [3] Group 3: Legal Challenges - The Department of Justice previously argued that Section 122 is not applicable for addressing trade deficits, indicating potential legal vulnerabilities for the new tariffs [5] - Neal Katyal, representing plaintiffs challenging the IEEPA tariffs, suggests that the use of Section 122 could lead to lawsuits, as the administration's own legal team has stated it is not suitable for trade deficit concerns [6] - The Freedom and Justice Center, representing small businesses challenging the IEEPA tariffs, is monitoring the situation closely for any new legal actions related to the tariffs [7]