从制造大国到制造强国——中国经济转型升级的必由之路

Manufacturing Scale and Structure - China's manufacturing added value reached 33 trillion yuan in 2023, ranking first globally for 14 consecutive years, accounting for 30% of the global total[1] - China has 41 major industrial categories, 207 medium categories, and 666 subcategories, making it the only country with all industrial classifications defined by the United Nations[1] - China's manufacturing added value is 1.9 times that of the US and 5.5 times that of Germany[1] Challenges in Technological Innovation - China's basic research investment accounted for 6.70% of total R&D expenditure in 2023, significantly lower than the 15%+ in the UK, US, France, Italy, and Singapore[26] - Key technologies in high-end manufacturing, such as industrial machine tools, lithography machines, and chip manufacturing, remain constrained by foreign dependence[4] - China's transportation equipment and machinery manufacturing account for 16.2% of total manufacturing added value, compared to 39.6% in Germany[26] Industrial Structure and Global Value Chain - China's manufacturing is dominated by low- and medium-end products, with insufficient supply of high-end products to meet consumption upgrades[15] - China primarily engages in labor-intensive processing and assembly in the global value chain, with limited participation in high-value-added design, R&D, and branding[15] - The top 5 manufacturing sub-sectors in China (basic metals, electrical equipment, chemicals, food & beverages, and non-metallic minerals) account for 61.0% of total manufacturing added value[12] Financing and Capital Market Support - China's financing system for manufacturing innovation faces constraints in credit, equity, and bond markets, particularly for SMEs and innovative enterprises[21] - The report suggests improving the multi-level capital market, including optimizing the STAR Market and ChiNext, expanding the sci-tech innovation bond market, and increasing government-guided fund investments[17] Digital Transformation and Intelligent Manufacturing - Digitalization, networking, and intelligent manufacturing are key drivers for China's manufacturing transformation, with digitalization as the foundation, networking as the bridge, and intelligent manufacturing as the goal[7]