当前经济与政策思考：战略腹地与关键产业备份的海外经验之二：“911”事件引发的美国产业备份重点与成效

National Preparedness Strategy - The "911" event significantly impacted the U.S. economy and national security, leading to the establishment of the Department of Homeland Security and the issuance of Homeland Security Presidential Directives (HSPD) focusing on supply chain security and national preparedness[4] - HSPD-8 emphasized the need for a national emergency preparedness framework, aiming to enhance the ability to prevent, defend against, mitigate, respond to, and recover from threats[4] Key Infrastructure Redundancy - HSPD-7 identified 17 critical infrastructure sectors, emphasizing the need for redundancy to reduce vulnerability to terrorist attacks[5] - The National Infrastructure Protection Plan (NIPP) further detailed the importance of redundancy in infrastructure, with examples like the New York City subway system and Los Angeles water systems[6] - The Smart Grid R&D Program aimed to enhance grid redundancy and reliability, with microgrids playing a key role in backup power systems[6] Data Backup and Disaster Recovery - Post-"911," the U.S. government provided $5 billion in disaster loans and $7.4 billion in grants to support data recovery and cybersecurity improvements[7] - The Federal Information Security Management Act (FISMA) mandated federal agencies to implement data backup and disaster recovery plans[8] - The U.S. data backup industry saw significant growth, with American companies dominating the global market for dedicated backup appliances (PBBA)[11] Medical and Biological Defense - The Strategic National Stockpile (SNS) was established to store medical resources, with funding increasing from $51 million to $400 million by 2005[9] - The SNS played a critical role in responding to major health crises, such as Hurricane Katrina and the COVID-19 pandemic, deploying millions of vaccines and medical supplies[14][16] Industry Backup Outcomes - Redundancy in critical infrastructure proved effective during emergencies, such as Hurricane Michael and the COVID-19 pandemic[11] - The U.S. data backup industry grew significantly, with American companies holding over 80% of the global PBBA market share from 2012 to 2017[11] - The SNS successfully managed multiple large-scale health emergencies, including deploying over 27,000 tons of supplies during COVID-19[16]