中美税制及税负比较（2024）

Tax System Comparison - The US tax system is divided into federal, state, and local levels, with no hierarchical relationship, while China's tax system is centralized with limited local tax authority[3] - The US relies heavily on direct taxes (73.3% in 2023), primarily personal income tax (39.6%) and social security tax (25.3%), whereas China's tax structure is dominated by indirect taxes, with 80% of taxes levied on enterprises, including VAT (39.0%) and corporate income tax (22.7%)[4] Macro Tax Burden Comparison - China's small-caliber macro tax burden (excluding social security) was 14.4% in 2023, 5.1 percentage points lower than the US (19.5%)[6] - China's medium-caliber macro tax burden (including social security) was 21.0% in 2023, compared to 26.0% in the US[7] - China's large-caliber macro tax burden (excluding land transfer income) was 25.8% in 2023, 1.6 percentage points lower than the US (27.4%)[8] - China's full-caliber macro tax burden (including land transfer income) was 30.4% in 2023, 3.0 percentage points higher than the US[9] Future Trends - Trump's potential tax cuts could reignite international tax competition, but the impact on China's tax burden is expected to be limited, with domestic economic recovery and fiscal space being the primary determinants[10] - China's macro tax burden is already at a low level, and future policy should focus on stabilizing it rather than further reductions[11] Corporate Tax Burden - China's corporate tax burden is perceived as heavy due to the high proportion of indirect taxes (71.2% in 2023) and the inability to fully pass on VAT costs[12] - Chinese companies face higher comprehensive operating costs, including social insurance fees and energy costs, with natural gas costs being 5.4 times higher than in the US[13]