2024年萨尔瓦多贫困与公平评估：改善生活和生计（英）2024

Industry Investment Rating - The report does not explicitly provide an investment rating for the industry, but it highlights the economic challenges and opportunities in El Salvador, particularly in relation to poverty reduction and labor market dynamics [7][28][32] Core Views - El Salvador has shown significant poverty reduction over the past two decades, with a notable drop of 17 percentage points between 2009 and 2019, although extreme poverty has increased since 2019 [32] - Economic growth has been the primary driver of poverty reduction, but income redistribution has played a minimal role, indicating a need for policies that address both growth and inequality [32] - The labor market in El Salvador is characterized by low productivity and high informality, with 64% of workers engaged in informal jobs in 2023 [95][113] Chapter Summaries Chapter 1: Dimensions of Poverty and Equity in El Salvador - Poverty in El Salvador has decreased since 2000, but persistent issues such as high child poverty and geographic disparities remain [42] - Multidimensional poverty affects 25% of households, with significant deprivations in housing, education, employment, and health [85] - Labor income disparities are pronounced, with extremely poor households earning significantly less than non-poor households [87] Chapter 2: Without Work There Is No Prosperity - Labor productivity growth in El Salvador has been driven by within-sector improvements, but the reallocation of labor across sectors has declined [113] - The majority of businesses in El Salvador are microenterprises, which employ 75% of salaried workers but have low labor productivity [96] - Job instability and underemployment are prevalent, particularly among the poor, with 25% of salaried workers holding temporary positions [110] Chapter 3: Beyond Work, What Do Salvadorans Live On? - Non-labor income, particularly from private transfers like remittances, plays a crucial role in household budgets, especially for the poor [109] - Remittances account for 24% of GDP in 2023, making El Salvador one of the top ten countries globally in terms of remittance inflows [49] - Public transfers are limited, with only 0.2% of household income coming from non-pension cash transfers, compared to 2.1% in Central America [110] Chapter 4: Poverty and Climate Change - El Salvador is highly vulnerable to climate shocks, with climate-related disasters costing the country 0.75% of GDP annually [70] - Climate change exacerbates food insecurity, with 61% of the extremely poor reporting concerns about running out of food in 2023 [159] - The Dry Corridor, which covers 73% of El Salvador's districts, is particularly susceptible to droughts and floods, further increasing poverty risks [176] Chapter 5: How to Improve Well-Being for All? - Income generation through better job opportunities is essential for sustainable poverty reduction, particularly for women and vulnerable groups [178] - Social protection programs need to be expanded and better targeted, with a focus on improving the coverage and effectiveness of cash transfers [146] - Investments in education, health, and infrastructure are critical for long-term poverty reduction and resilience against climate shocks [170]