粤开宏观：“双标”的美国产业政策：类型、动因、效果及思考

Group 1: U.S. Industrial Policy Types - U.S. industrial policy includes both domestic supportive policies and foreign restrictive policies aimed at enhancing competitiveness and protecting local industries[3] - Domestic supportive policies involve financial support, government procurement, and innovation incentives, while foreign restrictive policies include investment and trade protection measures[4] - The U.S. manufacturing value added share of global output decreased from 25.2% in 1980 to 17.6% in 2023, highlighting the need for competitive policies[5] Group 2: Implementation Motivations and Effects - The motivations for U.S. industrial policy include enhancing industrial competitiveness, reducing trade deficits, and maintaining technological leadership[6] - U.S. manufacturing jobs have decreased, with the Gini coefficient for household income rising from 0.4 in 1967 to 0.49 in 2023, indicating growing income inequality[6] - Innovation support policies have been the most successful, as they promote technology commercialization and job creation[8] Group 3: Policy Effectiveness - Government procurement and market opening pressure policies have shown effectiveness in early industrial development stages[8] - Fiscal and financial policies have been effective due to direct support to companies, with semiconductor firms potentially receiving nearly $10 billion in subsidies[8] - Trade protection policies have had limited effectiveness, as they do not sufficiently address the underlying cost differences between U.S. and foreign industries[9] Group 4: Strategic Recommendations for China - China should implement reciprocal measures against U.S. companies through anti-monopoly and anti-dumping investigations[11] - Protecting the legitimate rights of domestic companies in trade and investment with the U.S. is essential[11] - China's industrial policy should focus on technological competition and supply chain security, emphasizing innovation support[12]