中国养老金专题：长钱长投，企业年金的过去、现在与未来

1. Report Industry Investment Rating The provided content does not mention the industry investment rating. 2. Core Viewpoints of the Report - The enterprise annuity market has witnessed continuous scale expansion but suffers from insufficient coverage and prominent structural contradictions. Future policy may lower the participation threshold for small and medium - sized enterprises through automatic enrollment mechanisms and simplified collective plans [3]. - The institutional landscape is becoming more concentrated, and different capabilities may be the key to competition. The focus of future competition may shift to differentiated services [3]. - The investment performance of enterprise annuities is stable but shows differentiation. The long - cycle assessment mechanism may drive the optimization of asset allocation and increase the proportion of equity investment [3]. - In the future, with the expansion of coverage, optimization of equity allocation, and integration of the three - pillar pension system, enterprise annuities are expected to improve the retirement income replacement rate of employees in small and medium - sized enterprises and become a key support in addressing the challenges of an aging population [2]. 3. Summary by Directory 3.1 Historical Evolution: Coexistence of Systemic Dividend Release and Deep - seated Contradictions 3.1.1 From Non - marketization to Marketization - Non - market operation stage (1991 - 2004): It was a crucial foundation - laying period for China's supplementary pension system, featuring administrative leadership and decentralized management. The key contradiction was the lack of unified national regulations and the risk of fund safety. This ultimately led to the introduction of policies in 2004 to start the market - oriented transfer [14][15]. - Market operation stage (since 2004): Marked by the promulgation of relevant regulations, it established the trust - based management model. The market has experienced a rapid development period (2007 - 2016) and a mature and in - depth development period (since 2017), with continuous improvement in the system and investment quality [16]. 3.1.2 What are the Enterprise Annuity Management Institutions? - The enterprise annuity management institutions are characterized by a highly concentrated market and specialized division of labor. There are four types of management institutions, with different distributions of qualifications. Some large institutions can provide integrated services, while the custody function is independently undertaken by commercial banks [27]. - In the trustee market, insurance institutions dominate, and bank - affiliated institutions are rising rapidly. The market shows a significant head - concentration effect. In the investment management market, public funds and insurance institutions play important roles [30][54]. 3.1.3 Enterprise Annuity Plans and Annuity Pension Products - Enterprise annuity plans mainly include single plans and collective plans. Single plans are suitable for large enterprises, while collective plans have advantages such as high efficiency, low cost, and scale benefits [60][63]. - Annuity pension products are standard investment portfolios issued by enterprise annuity fund investment managers and sold to specific pension funds. After more than a decade of development, their investment scope has gradually expanded [66]. 3.2 Current Situation Analysis of Enterprise Annuities 3.2.1 Coverage and Regional Characteristics of Enterprise Annuities - The number of employees participating in enterprise annuities has been increasing, but the coverage rate has not improved significantly. The participation rate in China is far lower than that of OECD countries [67]. - The asset amount of enterprise annuities in the central government - owned enterprises and economically developed regions dominates, and the overall pattern has remained stable in recent years [73]. 3.2.2 How is the Performance of Enterprise Annuities? - The overall performance of enterprise annuities has been growing steadily in the long term. In the past three years (2022Q1 - 2025Q1), the cumulative return reached 7.46%. Asset allocation shows differentiation, with fixed - income portfolios performing better than equity - containing portfolios in the past three years. The policy orientation is shifting towards long - cycle assessment [78][91]. 3.2.3 What are the Scale and Performance of Different Investment Managers? - As of 2025Q1, the enterprise annuity investment management institution market shows two core trends: the strengthening of the head - effect and the shift of the assessment mechanism towards long - term orientation. Public fund companies have strong equity investment capabilities, while insurance - based institutions are stronger in fixed - income investment [94][95]. 3.2.4 Annuity Pension Products - As of 2025Q1, there are 649 registered pension products and 573 actually operating products. The top three types in terms of the number of actually operating products are ordinary stock - type, hybrid - type, and ordinary fixed - income - type [100]. - The number of registered pension products has remained stable since 2021, while the number of actually operating products has decreased year by year. The scale has shown a slight upward trend [102]. 3.3 How might Enterprise Annuities Develop in the Future? - The coverage may expand. The automatic enrollment mechanism may solve the problem of low participation of small and medium - sized enterprises [105]. - The trustee and investment management institutions may continue to be concentrated. The "Matthew effect" in the trustee market may intensify, and the head - effect in the investment management market may continue [105]. - The investment management of single plans and collective plans may undergo structural adjustments. The long - cycle assessment mechanism may be implemented soon, and the proportion of equity investment may increase [106]. - In the next decade, enterprise annuities are expected to improve the retirement income replacement rate of employees in small and medium - sized enterprises and become a key support in addressing the challenges of an aging population [109].