美国产业政策的历史透视与对我国的启示

Group 1: Historical Context of U.S. Industrial Policy - U.S. industrial policy has evolved through various protective measures since its founding, with tariffs peaking at an average rate of 61.7% in 1830[9] - The manufacturing output value in the U.S. grew from $173 million in 1810 to $13 billion by 1899, establishing the U.S. as a major industrial power[9] - Post-World War II, U.S. industrial policy shifted towards supporting advanced technologies while reducing tariffs from 31.4% in 1944 to 10% by 1970[14] Group 2: Recent Trends and Policy Shifts - After the 2008 financial crisis, U.S. industrial policy saw a shift towards direct intervention and protectionism, with initiatives like the "Reindustrialization" strategy under the Obama administration[39] - The Biden administration has implemented significant subsidies for key industries, including $430 billion for climate and clean energy initiatives[46] - U.S. high-tech product exports are projected to rise from $153.89 billion in 2018 to $232.91 billion by 2024, increasing their share of manufactured exports from 18.5% to 24.3%[50] Group 3: Global Value Chain Dynamics - U.S. participation in global value chains increased from 37% in 2007 to 41% in 2022, driven primarily by the service sector[51] - Despite U.S. efforts, the global value chain remains diversified, with China's foreign value added in global exports rising from 19% in 2007 to 22% in 2021[61] - U.S. manufacturing value added as a percentage of GDP decreased from 13% in 2002 to 10% in 2024, indicating a trend of "hollowing out" in manufacturing[50]