“十五五”深度研究系列报告（八）：财政投资于人、投资于物如何结合？

Group 1: Investment in Physical Capital - China's capital stock reached approximately $93 trillion in 2024, accounting for about 503% of GDP[29] - The average growth rate of capital stock from 1961 to 1993 was about 5.2%, while from 1994 to 2016 it was approximately 10.8%, and is projected to decline to 5.8% by 2024[29] - In 2024, the total capital formation in China is estimated to be around 54.8 trillion yuan, contributing approximately 25.2% to GDP growth[2] Group 2: Investment in Human Capital - Investment in human capital focuses on enhancing capabilities across the entire population, including education, healthcare, and skills training[47] - The proportion of public spending on social welfare in China was 53.7% in 2023, compared to 60%-70% in developed countries, indicating significant room for improvement[6] - The government aims to increase the share of public investment in social welfare during the "14th Five-Year Plan" period, particularly in areas like education and healthcare[44] Group 3: Economic and Social Development - The urbanization rate in China is expected to reach 70% within five years, with a projected rate of about 67% in 2024, driving infrastructure and public service improvements[42] - The report emphasizes the need for a balanced approach between investment in physical and human capital to foster sustainable economic growth[1] - The government plans to enhance public services in nine key areas, including education, healthcare, and social security, to ensure equitable access for all citizens[52]