咖啡系列一：全球咖啡种植全貌

1. Report Industry Investment Rating - Not provided in the content 2. Core Viewpoints of the Report - The coffee series of special reports consists of four articles. The first one focuses on the coffee planting end, systematically introducing the crop structure, growth climate conditions, global planting distribution, planting methods, main varieties, and yield - restricting factors of coffee [2] 3. Summaries According to Relevant Catalogs Coffee Crop Structure - Coffee plants are evergreen shrubs or small trees of the Rubiaceae family. Mature plants are usually 1.5 - 5 meters tall, and in artificial cultivation, they are often trimmed to about 2 meters. Their root system is fibrous, with a main root that can penetrate 1 - 2 meters underground and lateral roots distributed in the 20 - 60 - centimeter soil layer. The leaves are long - elliptical, leathery, and shiny, with slight differences in size and shape among varieties. The lifespan of a coffee tree is usually 30 - 40 years, with a peak production period starting 5 - 7 years after planting and lasting 10 - 15 years [6] - Coffee fruits are formed after coffee flower pollination. The coffee flower is a white five - petal flower that blooms after the rainy season, with a 2 - 3 - day flowering period. The development of coffee fruits takes 6 - 9 months. A mature coffee fruit weighs about 1.5 - 2.5 grams, is 1 - 1.5 centimeters in diameter, and consists of an outer skin, mesocarp, endocarp, silver skin, and seed (coffee bean). Most fruits contain two flat - oval seeds, and some contain a single "peaberry" with a stronger flavor [7] - Coffee beans are the core edible part of the coffee fruit, accounting for 10% - 15% of the fruit's weight. Freshly picked beans are green, with a 50% water content, which is reduced to 10% - 12% after processing. The abdominal groove of Arabica beans is S - shaped, while that of Robusta beans is straight. The internal structure of coffee beans is composed of endosperm, embryo, and micropyle, with the endosperm accounting for over 90% and containing flavor substances [9] Growth Climate Conditions - Coffee is a typical tropical and subtropical cash crop, and its suitable growth area is the "Coffee Belt" between 25 degrees north and south latitudes. The ideal annual average temperature is 18 - 25°C, and the most suitable growth temperature is 20 - 24°C. Arabica is more sensitive to low temperatures, while Robusta is more heat - tolerant [13] - The annual precipitation should reach 1500 - 2000 millimeters, evenly distributed with distinct wet and dry seasons. During the wet season (April - October), monthly precipitation should be 100 - 200 millimeters, and during the dry season (November - March), it should be less than 50 millimeters per month [14] - Altitude is a key factor in determining coffee quality. Arabica is suitable for growing at an altitude of 1000 - 2000 meters, while Robusta grows well below 1000 meters [17] - Coffee prefers well - drained, acidic soil with a pH of 5.0 - 6.5 and deep soil layers. It needs sufficient scattered light and often uses shade trees in high - altitude areas [18] Global Planting Distribution and Regional Features - Global coffee planting is mainly concentrated in South America, Africa, and Asia. South America dominates, accounting for 58% of the global output in 2024. Brazil is the world's largest coffee producer, with an output of 62 million bags in 2024, mainly planting Arabica [19] - Africa is the birthplace of coffee and a core area for high - quality coffee, accounting for 22% of the global output. Ethiopia is the native place of Arabica, and Kenya is famous for high - quality washed Arabica [23] - Asia and Oceania account for 20% of the global output. Vietnam is the second - largest coffee producer and the largest Robusta producer, with an output of 31 million bags in 2024. Indonesia has unique - flavored coffee, and Yunnan in China is an important Arabica - producing area [27] - Central American countries such as Guatemala, Honduras, and Costa Rica are also important high - quality coffee - producing areas. With global warming, some traditional planting areas are moving to higher altitudes, and new areas like Nepal and Myanmar are seeing large - scale coffee planting [27] Planting Methods - Coffee planting systems include single - crop and compound - crop methods. There are five common structures, including non - shaded single - crop cultivation and different types of shaded systems. Each structure has its own advantages and disadvantages in terms of productivity, management intensity, and environmental impact, and its applicability depends on various factors [28] Main Varieties - The globally commercially planted coffee varieties are mainly Arabica, Robusta, and Liberica, with Arabica and Robusta accounting for 99% of the market share. Arabica accounts for about 70% of the global output, with low caffeine content and rich flavor [31] - Robusta accounts for about 30% of the global output, with high caffeine content, strong disease - resistance, and high yield. It is mainly used for instant coffee and other products [37] - Liberica has the lowest commercialization degree, accounting for less than 1% of the global output. It has a unique flavor but unstable yield and high processing difficulty [38] - In recent years, many improved varieties have been developed through cross - breeding and genetic screening, promoting the diversified development of the global coffee industry [39] Yield Restricting Factors - Climate change affects coffee production through drought, extreme temperatures, abnormal rainfall patterns, and hurricanes. By 2050, the suitable planting area for Arabica may be reduced by 50%, while that for Robusta may expand [40] - Diseases are devastating to coffee production. Fungal diseases such as coffee leaf rust, coffee berry disease, and coffee wilt disease cause significant economic losses and yield reductions. Bacterial diseases also cause varying degrees of yield loss in some regions [41][42] - Pests affect coffee production by directly feeding on plant tissues and spreading pathogens. The coffee berry borer and the coffee leaf miner have a large economic impact, and other pests also cause significant losses in different regions [46]