当税收管理改善时，谁来买单？对佐治亚州大型纳税人办公室的收入、合规和行为反应（英）2026

Investment Rating - The report does not explicitly provide an investment rating for the industry. Core Insights - The establishment of the Large Taxpayer Office (LTO) in Georgia in 2021 significantly improved tax compliance and revenue collection, leading to an estimated increase in annual tax assessments of approximately 0.4-0.7% of GDP, primarily from VAT and withholding taxes [4][14][56]. - The LTO's approach combined targeted enforcement with improved taxpayer services, resulting in higher compliance rates, particularly in industries with strong third-party reporting and high transaction traceability [4][14]. - The reform highlights the potential for tax administration improvements to enhance fiscal capacity and create fiscal space for development [4][14]. Summary by Sections Introduction - The report discusses the challenges faced by developing countries in raising tax revenues, with emerging economies averaging a tax-to-GDP ratio of around 15%, significantly lower than developed countries [10]. - The focus is on the role of large taxpayers, who contribute disproportionately to total tax revenues, and the establishment of LTOs to enhance compliance among these entities [10][11]. Institutional Background - Georgia re-established its LTO in 2021 after dismantling it in 2010 due to concerns over political interference and ineffective audits [21][22]. - The LTO is responsible for managing the largest companies in Georgia, which account for nearly half of VAT revenues and a quarter of total government revenue [11][22]. Data and Empirical Strategy - The study utilizes administrative data from 2017 to 2024, focusing on the impact of LTO on tax assessments and compliance [33][34]. - A weighted difference-in-differences (WDID) approach is employed to estimate the causal effects of LTO on tax revenue [44][45]. Empirical Findings - The introduction of the LTO led to a significant increase in final tax assessments, with an average increase of 1.39 million GEL per year, translating to a total impact of approximately 26.4 million GEL or 0.4% of GDP [56]. - The most substantial increases in tax revenue were observed in VAT and withholding taxes, indicating improved compliance and enforcement [56][57]. Conclusion - The findings suggest that enhancing tax administration through reforms like the LTO can lead to significant improvements in tax revenue without changing tax rates, emphasizing the importance of effective tax management in developing countries [4][14][32].