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Group 1 - The article discusses the significance of X-ray Absorption Fine Structure (XAFS) technology in analyzing the structure of nanobiomaterials, highlighting its sensitivity to local electronic structure and chemical environment of central absorbing atoms [3][6]. - XAFS technology is divided into two regions: X-ray Absorption Near Edge Structure (XANES) for qualitative analysis of oxidation states and coordination environments, and Extended X-ray Absorption Fine Structure (EXAFS) for quantitative analysis of surrounding atoms [3][6]. - Recent advancements in static and dynamic XAFS testing have enhanced the understanding of interactions between nanomaterials and biological systems, aiding in the development of high-performance nanobiomaterials [6]. Group 2 - A case study from Nature Nanotechnology illustrates the use of XAFS in characterizing a novel copper indium phosphorus sulfide (CIPS) nanomaterial that effectively binds to various SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins, providing a new strategy for broad-spectrum antiviral drug development [10][11]. - Another study in Nature Nanotechnology employs XAFS to investigate the MoS2 nanomaterial, revealing how its "nanoprotein crown" mediates its accumulation in liver and spleen cells, thus contributing to the understanding of nanomaterial-biology interface [16]. - Research published in Nature Communications demonstrates the application of XAFS in studying biogenic ferritin as a natural nanoenzyme for superoxide radical scavenging, highlighting the differences in catalytic activity based on iron/phosphorus ratios [21]. Group 3 - The article mentions the development of a high-load, high-activity iron single-atom catalyst (h3-FNCs) through zinc-iron exchange, showcasing its potential in catalyzing oxygen reduction and promoting wound healing [25]. - The TableXAFS instrument developed by Chuangpu Instrument is highlighted as a breakthrough in XAFS testing, allowing researchers to conduct experiments in the lab without relying on synchrotron radiation sources, thus expanding accessibility to high-quality experimental data [27][28].