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绕不开的中国稀土
首席商业评论·2025-07-06 03:40

Core Viewpoint - The article discusses the critical role of rare earth elements in the automotive industry, particularly in electric vehicles, highlighting the supply chain challenges and geopolitical implications of rare earth dependency, especially for countries like the United States and Japan [3][4][5]. Group 1: Supply Chain and Dependency - Suzuki Motors announced production halts for its Swift model due to delays in parts procurement linked to rare earth export controls [3]. - European and American automotive suppliers are also facing production interruptions, with Ford pausing its Explorer model production [3]. - Rare earth elements are essential for various components in electric vehicles, including motors, sensors, and other electronic parts [3][4]. Group 2: Market Dynamics and Historical Context - China controls approximately 65% of global heavy rare earth mining and 88% of refining, making it a dominant player in the market [4]. - The previous rare earth crisis in 2010 led to significant price increases, prompting countries like the US and Japan to initiate plans to reduce dependency on Chinese supplies [5]. - The US Department of Energy estimates that rebuilding a complete rare earth supply chain could take another 10 years [5]. Group 3: Technological Implications - The use of neodymium in electric motors significantly enhances performance, with Tesla's Model 3 and Model S benefiting from this technology [7][10]. - Neodymium-iron-boron magnets, known for their high magnetic strength, are crucial for achieving high efficiency in electric motors [12][16]. Group 4: Industry Structure and Challenges - The processing of rare earth elements presents a significant barrier, with most countries lacking the necessary production and processing capabilities [22][24]. - China's strategic policies have focused on limiting the export of raw materials while promoting high-value-added products, leading to a significant advantage in the global market [23][27]. - The Mountain Pass mine in California, once a major supplier, has struggled to compete due to China's processing capabilities and market dynamics [20][30]. Group 5: Future Outlook and Innovations - Tesla aims to reduce its reliance on rare earth materials by developing alternative technologies, reflecting a broader trend in the industry to seek independence from rare earth supply chains [32][34]. - The increasing demand for electric vehicles is expected to further elevate the strategic importance of rare earth elements, solidifying their role in the automotive supply chain [37].