《清华金融评论》封面专题：“十四五”回顾与“十五五”前瞻

Core Viewpoint - The article discusses the achievements of the "14th Five-Year Plan" and anticipates the strategic opportunities and challenges of the "15th Five-Year Plan," emphasizing the importance of high-quality development and the need for coordinated policies to achieve economic and social progress [3][5][23]. Economic Growth - During the "14th Five-Year Plan," China's GDP consistently surpassed 110 trillion, 120 trillion, and 130 trillion yuan, with an expected reach of approximately 140 trillion yuan by 2025. The average economic growth rate over the first four years was 5.5%, contributing about 30% to global economic growth [3][4][16][12]. Domestic Demand - Domestic demand has become the main driver of economic growth, with an average contribution rate of 86.4% from 2021 to 2024. Final consumption's contribution to economic growth averaged 56.2%, an increase of 8.6 percentage points compared to the "13th Five-Year Plan" [3][4][16]. Innovation and Technology - The "14th Five-Year Plan" prioritized innovation, with R&D investment reaching a new high, increasing nearly 50% compared to the end of the "13th Five-Year Plan." The R&D intensity rose to 2.68%, approaching the OECD average [17]. Social Welfare - The economic and technological advancements have translated into improved public welfare, with significant enhancements in education, healthcare, and social security systems. The coverage rates for basic pension and medical insurance exceeded 95% [18]. Governance and Reform - The article highlights improvements in governance efficiency, with a better business environment and increased organizational capacity. The number of private enterprises grew by over 40% compared to the end of the "13th Five-Year Plan" [19]. Green Development - The concept of green development has gained traction, with significant achievements in afforestation, pollution control, and clean energy utilization. The forest coverage rate increased to over 25%, and the proportion of clean energy in electricity generation is expected to rise [20]. Safety and Security - The article emphasizes the strengthening of food, energy, and national security during the "14th Five-Year Plan," with the establishment of over 10 billion mu of high-standard farmland and the largest power infrastructure system globally [21]. Global Responsibility - China has taken active steps in global green development and international cooperation, contributing to the "Belt and Road" initiative and reducing carbon emissions significantly [22].