分析了102个VLA模型、26个数据集和12个仿真平台

Core Viewpoint - The article discusses the transformative breakthrough of Visual-Language-Action (VLA) models in robotics, emphasizing their integration of visual perception, natural language understanding, and embodied control within a unified learning framework. It highlights the development and evaluation of 102 VLA models, 26 foundational datasets, and 12 simulation platforms, identifying current challenges and future directions for enhancing robotic autonomy and adaptability [3][4][6]. Group 1: VLA Models and Framework - VLA models represent a new frontier in robotic intelligence, enabling robots to perceive visual environments, understand natural language commands, and execute meaningful actions, bridging the semantic gap between various modalities [7][9]. - The architecture of VLA models integrates visual, language, and proprioceptive encoders into a diffusion backbone network, facilitating the generation of control commands [11][12]. - The evaluation of VLA architectures reveals a rich diversity in core component algorithms, with visual encoders predominantly based on CLIP and SigLIP, and language models primarily from the LLaMA family [16]. Group 2: Datasets and Training - High-quality, diverse training datasets are crucial for VLA model development, allowing models to learn complex cross-modal correlations without relying on manually crafted heuristics [17][22]. - The article categorizes major VLA datasets, noting a shift towards more complex, multimodal control challenges, with recent datasets like DROID and Open X-Embodiment embedding synchronized RGBD, language, and multi-skill trajectories [22][30]. - A benchmarking analysis maps each major VLA dataset based on task complexity and modality richness, highlighting gaps in current benchmarks, particularly in integrating complex tasks with extensive multimodal inputs [30][31]. Group 3: Simulation Tools - Simulation environments are essential for VLA research, generating large-scale, richly annotated data that exceeds physical world limitations. Platforms like AI2-THOR and Habitat provide realistic rendering and customizable multimodal sensors [32][35]. - The article outlines various simulation tools, emphasizing their capabilities in generating diverse datasets for VLA models, which are critical for advancing multimodal perception and control [35][36]. Group 4: Applications and Evaluation - VLA models are categorized into six broad application areas, including manipulation and task generalization, autonomous mobility, human assistance, and interaction, showcasing their versatility across different robotic tasks [36][37]. - The selection and evaluation of VLA models focus on their operational skills and task generalization capabilities, using standardized metrics such as success rate and zero-shot generalization ability [39][40]. Group 5: Challenges and Future Directions - The article identifies key architectural challenges for VLA models, including tokenization and vocabulary alignment, modality fusion, cross-entity generalization, and the smoothness of manipulator movements [42][43][44]. - Data challenges are also highlighted, such as task diversity, modality imbalance, annotation quality, and the trade-off between realism and scale in datasets, which hinder the robust development of general VLA models [45][46].