《Nature》权威发布减肥如何重塑你的脂肪生态系统？

Core Viewpoint - The article discusses the significant health risks associated with obesity, emphasizing that it is not merely an aesthetic issue but a precursor to various metabolic diseases. The research highlights the mechanisms of fat tissue remodeling during weight loss and its implications for metabolic health management [6][18]. Group 1: Fat Tissue Remodeling Overview - A comprehensive single-cell atlas of adipose tissue was constructed, analyzing 171,247 cells from 70 subjects, including 25 severely obese individuals. The study focused on subcutaneous abdominal fat, revealing abnormal immune cell aggregation and a decrease in mature adipocytes in obese individuals, which improved significantly after weight loss [8][10]. Group 2: Abnormal Activation of Macrophages - The proportion of macrophages in adipose tissue increased from 14% to 31% in obesity, particularly lipid-associated macrophages (LAMs). Weight loss reduced this proportion to 18%, with a decrease in inflammation-related gene expression, although some metabolic activation remained, indicating potential epigenetic memory [10][12]. Group 3: Adipocyte Renewal and Metabolic Adaptation - Eight types of mature adipocytes were identified, with "stress-type" and "fibrotic-type" cells increasing in obesity, while "lipid-synthesis-type" cells decreased. Weight loss effectively reduced the stress-type cells and restored lipid-synthesis-type cells, enhancing metabolic functions and insulin sensitivity [12][14]. Group 4: Reversal of Multi-Cellular "Stress" State - Various subtypes of adipose precursor cells (APCs) were identified, with an increase in "stress-type" APCs during obesity. Weight loss led to a reduction in these cells and downregulated hypoxia and anti-adipogenic signals, improving the overall adipose tissue environment [14][16]. Group 5: Weight Loss and Cellular Aging - Weight loss was shown to downregulate multiple cellular aging markers, reducing the aging characteristics in adipose, precursor, and vascular cells. The study indicated a shared network between stress and aging cells, which weight loss could effectively mitigate [16][18].