为什么伦敦和日本放弃了卫星城建设？

Group 1 - The article discusses the shift from satellite city development in developed countries like the UK and Japan back to urban centers, contrasting this with the ongoing satellite city construction in developing nations [3][4]. - Satellite cities were initially designed to alleviate urban issues such as congestion and pollution by creating smaller towns around major cities, a concept introduced by E. Howard in the late 19th century [2][5]. - The UK government initiated the "Greater London Plan" post-World War II, which involved creating concentric circles of satellite towns to manage population and industrial dispersal [5][6]. Group 2 - The success of Milton Keynes as a satellite city is highlighted, attracting numerous international companies and providing significant employment opportunities [6][11]. - Despite initial successes, satellite cities in the UK faced challenges such as lack of amenities leading to "new town blues," and many residents continued to commute to London for work, exacerbating traffic issues [11][12]. - The UK government recognized the failures of the satellite city model and shifted focus back to revitalizing urban centers, leading to new development strategies that prioritize city center growth [13][14]. Group 3 - Japan's experience with satellite cities began in the 1950s, aiming to address urban issues in Tokyo through the establishment of new towns and green belts [17][18]. - The three types of new towns in Japan included "sleeping towns," industrial towns, and sub-center towns, each serving different functions [18][19]. - Economic downturns in the 1990s led to a decline in many satellite cities, prompting Japan to refocus on urban centers and reduce financial support for new towns [21][22]. Group 4 - The article notes a global trend where urbanization rates are slowing, and cities are transitioning from expansion to focusing on existing urban areas, leading to a renewed interest in attracting talent back to city centers [25][26]. - The importance of urban centers for high-end service industries is emphasized, as they rely on dense populations and comprehensive infrastructure, contrasting with the sparse nature of satellite cities [25][26]. - The article concludes that as cities evolve, the focus will increasingly be on enhancing urban living conditions and attracting innovation, making the future of satellite cities uncertain [26].