一文讲清什么是“内卷”，国家为什么要“反内卷”

Core Viewpoint - The article discusses the phenomenon of "involution" in industries, particularly in the solar energy sector, where increased competition leads to price wars and reduced profitability for companies, prompting the government to implement measures to counteract this trend [5][8][34]. Group 1: Industry Overview - China is the world's largest industrial nation, contributing $30 out of every $100 of industrial products globally [3]. - Despite the growth in industrial scale and product sales, many companies are operating at a loss due to intense competition and price reductions [5][20]. Group 2: Involution in the Solar Industry - The solar industry experienced a surge in demand due to global energy transition efforts, attracting numerous competitors, including over a hundred cross-industry entrants from 2022 to 2023 [10][17]. - The influx of competitors has led to severe product homogenization and intensified competition, resulting in price wars [20][22]. Group 3: Strategies of Dominant Players - Dominant players, referred to as "卷王" (involution kings), leverage their strong cash flow and lower production costs to outlast weaker competitors in the market [23][27]. - These dominant companies are willing to sustain short-term losses to gain market share and pricing power in the long run [29][30]. Group 4: Government Response - The Chinese government has recognized the risks posed by industrial involution, which threatens economic stability and employment, as the industrial sector accounts for over 30% of GDP [31][34]. - Starting from July of the previous year, the government has implemented various policies to combat involution, including production quotas in the solar industry to limit supply and stabilize prices [36][38]. Group 5: Market Impact - The solar sector has seen a price recovery and a significant increase in stock performance, with the sector rising over 17% this year, while the broader anti-involution index has increased by nearly 50% [43].