为什么印尼如此贫穷落后？

Core Viewpoint - The article discusses the structural poverty in Indonesia, rooted in its colonial history and the ongoing dependency on foreign economies, emphasizing the need for a collective approach among Global South countries to address these challenges [5][12][30]. Group 1: Historical Context and Economic Challenges - Indonesia's poverty is attributed to the structural defects left by Dutch colonial rule, including a lack of industrial foundation, capital outflow, and inadequate education [5][12]. - The colonial legacy resulted in Indonesia having no substantial manufacturing capabilities and a significant debt burden from the outset of its independence [16][18]. - In 2022, Indonesia's GDP per capita was $5,000, compared to $76,000 in the U.S., highlighting the vast economic disparity [8]. Group 2: Dependency and Economic Integration - The article argues that Indonesia's integration into the global economy, particularly under the influence of former colonial powers, has perpetuated its economic dependency [21][22]. - The establishment of the Indonesian Governmental Group (IGGI) and its subsequent transformation into the Consultative Group on Indonesia (CGI) exemplifies Indonesia's reliance on foreign aid and debt management [22][30]. - Despite some industrial growth since the 1970s, Indonesia's economy remains characterized by low productivity and a high percentage of informal labor [23][24]. Group 3: Need for Collective Action - The article posits that Global South countries, including Indonesia, must view themselves as a cohesive economic unit to reduce dependency on the Global North [30][31]. - It suggests that China could play a role in assisting countries like Indonesia in developing specific manufacturing capabilities, which could lead to more significant economic independence [31]. - The necessity for genuine international cooperation to break the cycle of oppression and dependency is emphasized, calling for a transformation within imperialist countries to support this change [32].