价格补贴、反内卷与产能过剩

Group 1 - The article discusses the phenomenon of price competition and overcapacity in various industries, using oil, water, and milk as case studies [5] - The first case study focuses on the oil crisis of the 1970s, highlighting how low oil prices prior to the crisis led to a significant change in consumer behavior and the automotive industry in the U.S. [6][10] - It explains that the low oil prices were not solely due to exploitation by capitalist countries but were also driven by the need to expand market size and create consumer habits [9] Group 2 - The second case study examines the pricing strategies in Japan's retail sector, particularly the phenomenon where 2L bottled water is cheaper than 550ml, illustrating competitive pricing and consumer sensitivity [11][13] - It notes that this pricing strategy is a result of long-term deflation and competitive pressure, leading to a situation where retailers use lower-priced larger bottles to attract customers [12][14] Group 3 - The final case study addresses the "milk dumping" incidents during the Great Depression in the U.S., where milk was discarded instead of being distributed to those in need [16][21] - It outlines the complexities behind this phenomenon, including actions taken by farmers, industry associations, and government interventions aimed at stabilizing milk prices [17][19]