重磅揭秘！《自然》解析：减肥如何彻底改变你体内的“脂肪世界”？

Core Insights - The article discusses the global obesity crisis, highlighting that over 1 billion people are affected by obesity, which is linked to various metabolic diseases and health risks [6] - It emphasizes the importance of understanding the changes in adipose tissue during weight loss and the underlying mechanisms that contribute to improved health outcomes [6][18] Group 1: Adipose Tissue Remodeling - A comprehensive single-cell atlas of adipose tissue was created, analyzing over 171,000 cells from 49 individuals, revealing significant immune cell infiltration and a decrease in mature adipocytes in obese individuals [8] - Weight loss was shown to alleviate pathological changes in adipose tissue, indicating a potential for recovery [8] Group 2: Macrophage Memory Effect - The proportion of macrophages in adipose tissue increased from 14% to 31% in obesity, with a notable presence of lipid-associated macrophages (LAMs) [10] - Following weight loss, macrophage numbers decreased to 18%, but their metabolic activation state did not fully revert, suggesting an "epigenetic memory" [10] Group 3: Metabolic Reboot of Adipocytes - Eight subtypes of mature adipocytes were identified, with stress and fibrotic types increasing in obesity, while lipid-synthesis types decreased [12] - Weight loss significantly reduced the stress-type adipocytes and restored lipid-synthesis types, enhancing overall metabolic flux and potentially improving insulin sensitivity [12] Group 4: Decline of Stress Ecological Niche - The proportion of stress-type adipocyte precursor cells (APCs) increased in obesity, while weight loss significantly reduced these cells and downregulated hypoxia-related signals [14] - The vascular system also showed signs of stress, with weight loss reducing the proportion of stressed vascular cells [14] Group 5: Reversal of Aging Programs - Weight loss led to a significant reduction in aging markers across various cell types, indicating a reversal of aging processes [17] - The study identified a conserved transcription factor network in stressed aging cells that could be "turned off" through weight loss, promoting cellular health [17] Group 6: Implications for Future Research - This groundbreaking research not only elucidates the molecular mechanisms by which weight loss improves health but also opens new avenues for developing drug interventions that mimic weight loss effects [18]