陈光炎长文剖析稀土与贸易平衡：美国超过8成精炼稀土来自中国，短期内难以改变

Core Viewpoint - The article emphasizes China's strategic position in the rare earth elements (REEs) sector and its implications for U.S.-China trade relations, particularly in light of recent export controls and tariffs [8][54][86]. Group 1: China's Export Control Measures - In October 2025, China announced stricter export controls on rare earth elements and processing technologies, particularly for military and semiconductor applications [4][11]. - The export license system implemented by China has a validity period of six months, impacting global supply chains and prompting industries to adapt [8][11]. - China's management of rare earth exports reflects the vulnerabilities in the U.S. industrial and defense supply chains, leading to adjustments in trade negotiations [12][54]. Group 2: U.S. Dependency on Chinese Rare Earths - The U.S. relies on China for over 80% of its refined rare earths, which are critical for defense, electronics, and clean energy sectors [8][53]. - Experts estimate that establishing an independent U.S. supply chain for rare earths could take 5 to 15 years, highlighting the challenges in reducing dependency on China [10][54]. - The U.S. has initiated measures such as the Defense Production Act to boost domestic rare earth production, but these efforts face significant obstacles [55][61]. Group 3: Impact on Trade Relations - The role of rare earths has become a key factor in U.S.-China trade negotiations, with both sides recognizing the importance of these resources [9][12]. - China's export management of rare earths has led to a shift in trade dynamics, with the U.S. showing a willingness to make concessions in negotiations [12][90]. - The recent trade tensions have prompted the U.S. to reconsider its approach to tariffs and trade policies, particularly concerning critical materials [93][95]. Group 4: Strategic Importance of Rare Earths - Rare earth elements are essential for modern military systems, including advanced weaponry and communication technologies [42][45]. - The geopolitical significance of rare earths has increased, with China leveraging its dominance in this sector to influence international trade and security discussions [86][88]. - The ongoing tensions and management of rare earth resources underscore their role as strategic assets in global economic interactions [17][85].