创新如何驱动经济增长？2025诺贝尔经济学奖的启示

Core Insights - The article discusses the paradox of increasing competition leading to "involution" in various industries, despite advancements in technology and innovation [5][6]. - The 2025 Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences awarded to Joel Mokyr, Philippe Aghion, and Peter Howitt highlights the importance of innovation in driving economic growth and addresses the challenges faced by the Chinese economy [6]. Group 1: Mokyr's Insights - Mokyr emphasizes that an innovation ecosystem, consisting of knowledge enlightenment and institutional support, is crucial to countering involution [9][11]. - Historical examples, such as the "Bacon Plan" in the 17th century, illustrate how the dissemination of useful knowledge can spur technological breakthroughs, paralleling China's recent shift towards investing in human capital [10]. - The lack of knowledge dissemination and skill accumulation in certain Chinese industries contributes to low-level repetitive competition, while successful clusters like Zhongguancun and Hangzhou demonstrate the benefits of a supportive innovation ecosystem [10]. Group 2: Aghion and Howitt's Contributions - Aghion and Howitt propose a "U-shaped relationship" between competition and innovation, suggesting that moderate competition can stimulate innovation, while excessive competition can stifle it [12]. - The challenges faced by the Chinese electric vehicle industry exemplify this theory, where excessive price competition has led to reduced R&D investment and innovation [12][13]. - Their research indicates that non-frontier firms are more susceptible to losing motivation in highly competitive environments, highlighting the need for policy interventions to encourage technological advancement [13]. Group 3: Creative Destruction - Aghion and Howitt's "creative destruction" theory posits that innovation must replace outdated capacities to escape the cycle of involution, aligning with the central government's advocacy for new productive forces [14][15]. - The disparity between the largest U.S. companies, which are predominantly tech innovators, and China's A-share market, which lacks significant tech-driven firms, underscores the need for a robust creative destruction mechanism [15]. - Policies should focus on fostering an innovation ecosystem rather than engaging in subsidy competitions, ensuring that subpar capacities exit the market while promoting high-quality competition [15]. Group 4: Conclusion - The insights from the 2025 Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences suggest that countering involution requires competition to return to a reasonable range to stimulate innovation [16]. - Key strategies include establishing supportive institutions, regulating competition to maintain optimal levels, and encouraging deep technological and model innovation to transition from stagnant markets to new growth opportunities [16][17].