为什么这项突破性技术使2025年成为“国际量子科学与技术年”

Core Insights - The article emphasizes the strategic importance of quantum technology, highlighting its inclusion in China's "14th Five-Year Plan" as a national strategic pillar industry aimed at breakthroughs in quantum communication, quantum computing, and quantum precision measurement [1] Group 1: Quantum Technology Developments - Global companies, including Apple, are increasingly focusing on quantum technology, with Apple announcing a significant upgrade to its iMessage encryption using a post-quantum encryption protocol called PQ3 [3] - Quantum computing is expected to revolutionize encryption methods, as traditional encryption systems may soon reach their limits due to the superior processing capabilities of quantum computers [4][5] - Experts estimate that quantum computing applications could be realized within 7 to 10 years, with potential impacts on various fields such as chemistry, logistics, and energy distribution [7] Group 2: Quantum Computing Principles - Quantum computers operate using quantum bits (qubits) that can exist in a superposition of states, allowing for parallel processing of information [5] - The phenomenon of entanglement in quantum mechanics enables qubits to be interconnected, meaning changes to one qubit can instantly affect others, regardless of distance [5] Group 3: Quantum Communication and Security - Quantum key distribution is a significant application of quantum technology, providing secure generation and transmission of encryption keys, although it faces challenges related to infrastructure and complexity [13] - The launch of the first quantum satellite by Germany and China's successful intercontinental quantum communication link demonstrate advancements in quantum communication technology [9][10] Group 4: Global Initiatives and Regulations - The United Nations has declared 2025 as the "Quantum Year," promoting global awareness of quantum technology [15] - The U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) is developing post-quantum encryption standards to protect against quantum computer attacks, with plans to transition all sensitive systems to these standards by 2035 [16] - The European Union is investing in quantum research through initiatives like the Quantum Flagship Program, which has a budget of €1 billion to advance quantum technologies [17] Group 5: Industry Implications - Companies across various sectors are increasingly adopting quantum solutions to maintain competitiveness, focusing on quantum encryption and anti-quantum encryption methods [17] - The second quantum revolution is anticipated to bring significant advancements, with more developments expected in the coming years [18]