晶体管，100周年

Core Insights - The article discusses the historical development and future prospects of transistors, emphasizing their central role in modern technology and the ongoing advancements in silicon devices [2][4][7]. Group 1: Historical Context - Julius Edgar Lilienfeld applied for a patent in 1925 for a method to control electric current, which laid the groundwork for field-effect transistors, although it was not developed into a working prototype at the time [4]. - The first working transistor was invented in December 1947 by William Shockley, John Bardeen, and Walter Brattain at Bell Labs, marking a significant milestone in semiconductor technology [4]. Group 2: Current Developments - The revolution in artificial intelligence is directly linked to advancements in silicon-based complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) technology, which has made transistors smaller, cheaper, and more powerful [7]. - By 2018, approximately 130 billion billion (10^21) transistors had been manufactured, indicating the massive scale of production and the ongoing growth in this area [7]. Group 3: Future Prospects - As the physical limits of silicon are approached, researchers are exploring alternative semiconductors, including two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides and one-dimensional carbon nanotubes [8]. - Innovations reported in 2023 include molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) transistors with gate lengths under 60 nanometers and new transfer techniques for two-dimensional device integration [8]. - While predicting the future of transistor technology is challenging, it is expected that transistors will continue to dominate for a considerable time, despite the potential emergence of new platforms like memristors or quantum bits [8].