车载电池（3）谁才是"真命天子"？

Core Viewpoint - The article discusses the ongoing development of next-generation batteries, particularly solid-state batteries and sodium-ion batteries, as alternatives to traditional lithium-ion batteries, which are facing performance limitations [2][6][8]. Group 1: Solid-State Batteries - Toyota and Idemitsu Kosan are collaborating to develop solid-state batteries, aiming for mass production by the fiscal year 2027 [6]. - Solid-state batteries utilize solid electrolytes, which can prevent unwanted side reactions and allow for high-temperature operation, potentially enhancing electric vehicle (EV) performance [6]. - Nissan plans to produce solid-state batteries by 2028, using metallic lithium as the electrode material, while Honda aims for production in the latter half of the 2020s [6]. Group 2: Lithium-Sulfur Batteries - Lithium-sulfur batteries, which use metallic lithium for the anode and sulfur for the cathode, are being developed with the goal of equipping EVs by 2030 through collaboration between Stellantis and emerging U.S. companies [7]. Group 3: Sodium-Ion Batteries - Sodium-ion batteries are emerging as a new type of battery, replacing lithium with sodium, which reduces costs due to the absence of rare metals [8]. - The evaluation criteria for these next-generation batteries will include cost, battery capacity that extends range, lifespan, safety, resource risks, and recycling performance [8].