Group 1 - The core viewpoint of the article is that global manufacturing is undergoing a multi-centralization trend, with significant shifts in manufacturing centers, particularly focusing on the re-industrialization process in the United States [2][5][20] - By 2024, the manufacturing value added shares are projected to be 27.7% for China, 20.6% for the US-Mexico-Canada Agreement (USMCA), 17.9% for the EU and the UK, and 4.7% for ASEAN [2][4] - The article highlights that while the US manufacturing sector's contribution to GDP is declining, this is attributed to faster overall economic growth rather than a decline in manufacturing itself [3][14] Group 2 - The US manufacturing sector is characterized by high value-added production, but it faces challenges due to a relative lack of actual production capacity [4][19] - The US has transitioned from being a net exporter of intermediate goods to a net importer since 2000, indicating a growing reliance on foreign supply chains [28][29] - The manufacturing trade deficit in the US has been expanding, with net imports accounting for 46% of manufacturing GVA in 2023, contrasting with other major manufacturing nations [20][24] Group 3 - The article discusses the "hollowing out" phenomenon of US manufacturing, where high-value sectors are not matched by corresponding production levels [19][28] - The US's dependency on foreign intermediate goods has increased, with 40% of its manufacturing value added coming from imports in 2023 [28][29] - The high-tech manufacturing sector in the US shows significant reliance on imports, particularly in electronics and electrical equipment, with dependency rates of 69% and 59% respectively [34][35] Group 4 - The US manufacturing sector's structure is heavily driven by research and development, with a high proportion of mid-to-high-tech manufacturing [35][36] - In 2021, the US's manufacturing R&D expenditure as a percentage of manufacturing GDP was 14.1%, significantly higher than that of China, Japan, and Germany [40] - The article emphasizes that the US excels in high-value segments of the manufacturing value chain, particularly in R&D and design, while actual production remains relatively low [35][39]
中金 • 全球研究 | 解码再工业化（一）：美国制造业回流综述篇——再论“空心化”