越南与中国大后方

Core Viewpoint - The article discusses the strategic importance of the Yunnan-Vietnam Railway during the Second Sino-Japanese War, highlighting its role as a vital supply line for the Chinese government amidst the blockade imposed by Japan [5][11]. Group 1: Historical Context - In August 1937, Japan announced a blockade of China's coast, cutting off strategic materials [5]. - By 1938, major Chinese cities fell to Japanese forces, leaving only a few under the control of the Nationalist government [6]. - The Yunnan-Vietnam Railway became the only significant railway connection for the southwestern rear area of China to the outside world [11]. Group 2: Importance of the Yunnan-Vietnam Railway - The railway, spanning 854 kilometers, connected Kunming to the important port of Haiphong in northern Vietnam, facilitating the import of essential military supplies [11]. - In 1938 and 1939, the railway's freight volume peaked, with 376,628 tons in 1938 and a significant increase to 524,329 tons in 1939, tripling pre-war levels [12]. - Passenger ticket sales also surged, with over 4.2 million tickets sold in 1938 and 4.54 million in 1939, approximately ten times the pre-war figures [12]. Group 3: International Relations and Support - Vietnam served as a crucial communication window for China during this period, with French consent allowing for the transport of supplies [13]. - The Allies, including Britain and France, shifted their stance to support the Nationalist government against Japan after the German invasion of Poland [14]. - The Yunnan-Vietnam Railway was a key route for transporting Allied supplies from Saigon to Kunming [14]. Group 4: Japanese Response and Military Actions - Aware of the railway's significance, Japanese forces bombed it multiple times between 1939 and 1940 [12]. - The local military and civilians took measures to protect the railway, including deploying anti-aircraft guns and smoke devices [12]. Group 5: Changes in Control and Impact - Following France's defeat in June 1940, Japan occupied northern Vietnam, leading to the disruption of the Yunnan-Vietnam Railway [21]. - The Japanese and Vichy French jointly governed Vietnam, with Japan primarily responsible for military occupation and resource exploitation [22]. - The situation escalated with Japan's takeover of French colonial administration in March 1945, leading to the complete control of Vietnam by Japan [27].