Karpathy 2025 年度盘点：o3 是真正拐点，Cursor 证明了应用层比我们想象的要厚

Core Insights - The article emphasizes that 2025 is an exciting year for Large Language Models (LLMs), highlighting their potential and the ongoing evolution in the field [2][3]. - It suggests that the industry has yet to realize even 10% of its potential, indicating vast opportunities for exploration and innovation [4][5]. Paradigm Shifts - The introduction of Reinforcement Learning from Verifiable Rewards (RLVR) is identified as a significant shift in LLM training, expected to become a primary component by 2025 [12]. - RLVR allows LLMs to train in environments where answers can be automatically verified, leading to improved problem-solving capabilities [14][16]. - The article notes that the performance improvements in 2025 will primarily stem from the adoption of RLVR, rather than an increase in model parameters [17]. New Applications - Cursor is highlighted as a new application layer product that demonstrates the potential for LLMs to be tailored for specific verticals, sparking discussions about the future of LLM applications [28][30]. - Claude Code is presented as a groundbreaking product that showcases LLM capabilities in a local environment, emphasizing the shift from cloud-based to local AI applications [34][36]. - Vibe Coding is introduced as a transformative concept that democratizes programming, allowing anyone to create software using natural language [38][40]. Future Models - The Gemini Nano Banana model is described as one of the most significant models of 2025, hinting at the future of LLMs and their integration with graphical user interfaces [42][46]. - The article suggests that LLMs should communicate in preferred formats such as images and visualizations, rather than just text, to enhance user interaction [44].