一代工业强国走向衰落

Core Viewpoint - The article discusses the contrasting approaches of Germany's "Industry 4.0" and China's "Made in China 2025" initiatives, highlighting the challenges and achievements of each in the context of global manufacturing competitiveness [3][5][9]. Group 1: Industry 4.0 - Germany's "Industry 4.0" was introduced in 2011 to revolutionize manufacturing through AI, IoT, and automation, aiming for customized mass production [5][6]. - The initiative has faced challenges, including rising energy costs and a significant labor shortage, with a projected gap of 2 million skilled workers in Germany [7]. - Major German companies like BASF and Volkswagen are investing heavily in China, indicating a shift in focus towards leveraging China's manufacturing capabilities [8]. Group 2: Made in China 2025 - Launched in 2015, "Made in China 2025" aims to transform China's manufacturing sector by focusing on ten key areas, including aerospace, robotics, and new energy vehicles [3][10]. - A report by the American Chamber of Commerce evaluates the progress of "Made in China 2025," noting that it aims to reduce reliance on foreign technology and enhance domestic competitiveness [9][10]. - Achievements include significant advancements in the electric power equipment sector, with China achieving self-sufficiency in this area [12]. Group 3: Progress and Challenges - The report categorizes the progress of various sectors under "Made in China 2025" into three tiers: strong achievements, mixed results, and areas needing improvement [12]. - The new energy vehicle sector has exceeded expectations, with sales reaching 9.495 million units in 2023, surpassing the original target of 1 million by 2020 [13]. - However, the commercial aircraft sector has lagged, with the C919 aircraft only delivering 26 units against a target of 5% market share by 2020 [14].