中科院沈阳自动化研究所等最新综述：走进类生命机器人的奇妙世界

Core Viewpoint - The article discusses the rapid development of biohybrid robots, which are constructed from living cells and artificial materials, enabling them to efficiently utilize energy, self-repair, and execute precise commands like machines [1]. Group 1: Evolution of Biohybrid Robots - Traditional robots rely on motors and hydraulic systems, which have limitations in efficiency and adaptability to complex environments [5]. - The idea emerged to use biological components as the driving force for robots, leading to early experiments with muscle cells for simple movements [5][6]. - Advances in optogenetics and microfluidics have allowed for precise control of these robots, enabling them to respond to external stimuli and navigate obstacles [6][10]. Group 2: Materials and Manufacturing - The construction of biohybrid robots requires suitable living materials, such as cardiac muscle cells, skeletal muscle cells, insect muscle tissues, and microorganisms [11][13]. - Artificial materials like biocompatible polymers and hydrogels provide structural support and a conducive environment for cell growth [15][16]. - Techniques like 3D bioprinting and microfluidic perfusion are essential for creating complex three-dimensional structures and ensuring nutrient delivery [19][20]. Group 3: Control Mechanisms - Various control methods have been developed for biohybrid robots, including optogenetics, electrical stimulation, magnetic control, and chemical control [21][23][24]. - Optogenetics allows for high-precision control using light, while electrical stimulation mimics natural neural control [23][24]. - The integration of multiple control methods is being explored to enhance navigation and functionality in complex environments [24]. Group 4: Future Applications - Biohybrid robots have the potential to revolutionize healthcare, with applications such as biodegradable surgical robots and living tissue patches for repairing damaged organs [27]. - They can also be deployed for environmental monitoring and remediation, autonomously detecting and degrading pollutants [27]. - Future advancements may lead to biohybrid robots with learning and adaptive capabilities, resembling biological systems in processing information [27]. Group 5: Philosophical Implications - The research into biohybrid robots challenges fundamental questions about the boundaries between life and machines, prompting interdisciplinary collaboration among scientists and ethicists [28].