虎嗅APP·2026-01-25 09:33Core Viewpoint - The article emphasizes China's dominant position in the global pharmaceutical supply chain, particularly in the production of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (APIs) and Key Starting Materials (KSMs), which poses a significant asymmetric threat to U.S. national security [4][5]. Group 1: China's Dominance in Pharmaceutical Supply Chain - China holds a near-monopoly in the production of various pharmaceutical raw materials, with over 90% of global antibiotic intermediates supplied by China [18]. - Approximately 70%-80% of global vitamin production capacity is controlled by China, making it a critical player in the pharmaceutical industry [19]. - China's low-cost, high-output chemical manufacturing capabilities create significant barriers for competitors, allowing it to define prices and capacities in the market [21]. Group 2: Impact of Geopolitical Tensions - The U.S.-China trade tensions have led to concerns about the dependency of the U.S. on Chinese pharmaceutical supplies, which could lead to drug shortages in critical situations [9][10]. - The article illustrates a hypothetical scenario where geopolitical tensions could disrupt the supply of essential medications, highlighting the risks of "asymmetric interdependence" [7][9]. - The ongoing drug shortage issues in the U.S. are exacerbated by the complex global supply chain, where many active ingredients are sourced from China [10][11]. Group 3: Historical Context and Strategic Decisions - The article discusses the historical context of the pharmaceutical industry's shift, where Western companies outsourced low-margin API production to lower-cost countries, primarily China, while retaining high-margin R&D and marketing functions [23][24]. - This outsourcing has led to a significant loss of industrial capability in the West, as the foundational skills and infrastructure for API production have diminished [32]. Group 4: Challenges for India as an Alternative - India, often referred to as the "world's pharmacy," lacks the complete supply chain necessary for API production, relying heavily on Chinese intermediates [36][38]. - Despite efforts to establish a domestic API supply chain, India's progress is hindered by infrastructure challenges and the dominance of Chinese suppliers [37][39]. Group 5: Future Outlook and Strategic Recommendations - The article suggests that China is transitioning from merely being a low-cost producer to becoming a leader in technology and standards within the pharmaceutical industry [43]. - As geopolitical tensions rise, the need for China to innovate in green technologies and maintain its competitive edge in the pharmaceutical supply chain becomes critical [55][56]. - The future of the pharmaceutical industry will focus on balancing efficiency and safety, with the ability to provide cost-effective and safe drugs being a key determinant of success [58].