破解林业“四难”融资困境：重庆市深化集体林权制度改革背景下的绿色金融创新路径研究｜政策与监管

Core Viewpoint - The article discusses the systemic challenges faced by the forestry sector in China, particularly in financing, and highlights the innovative practices and policy recommendations from Chongqing to address these issues, aiming to provide a reference for national-level forestry financial reform and the smooth transition of ecological benefits [2][3][27]. Group 1: Financing Challenges in Forestry - The inherent difficulties in forestry financing include "difficulties in rights confirmation, valuation, mortgage, and financing," which have long restricted the effective transmission of financial capital to the forestry sector [2][3]. - The traditional credit system is not compatible with the unique characteristics of forestry assets, leading to structural financing difficulties [5]. - The challenges of rights confirmation stem from unclear asset boundaries and difficulties in accurately identifying ownership, particularly in collective forest rights [6]. - Valuation issues arise from the lack of standardized metrics to quantify ecological benefits, leading to significant underestimation of forestry asset values [7]. - Mortgage difficulties are primarily due to inadequate channels for asset disposal and a lack of risk mitigation mechanisms, causing financial institutions to hesitate in lending against forestry assets [8]. - The culmination of these challenges results in a mismatch between the supply and demand for funds, making it difficult for forestry operators, especially smallholders, to access sufficient and low-cost financing [9]. Group 2: Chongqing's Innovative Practices - Chongqing has adopted a systematic approach to address these financing challenges by integrating collective forest rights reform with financial innovation, creating a comprehensive solution that includes institutional design, digital infrastructure, financial product matrices, and value transformation systems [11]. - The city has implemented a multi-layered, collaborative policy framework to support the reform, including various policy documents aimed at addressing financing difficulties [12][13]. - A digital platform, "Smart Forest Rights," has been developed to enhance the clarity and reliability of forest rights, facilitating better access to financing [14][15]. - Chongqing has established a value transformation system that includes unified valuation standards and integrates ecological product value into credit approval processes, thereby enhancing the financial viability of forestry assets [17][18]. Group 3: Financial Product Innovations - Financial institutions in Chongqing have created a range of innovative financial products tailored to the characteristics of forestry assets, including carbon credit pledge loans and unique financing models based on specific asset rights [19][20]. - A "stock-loan-bond-insurance" linkage mechanism has been developed to provide comprehensive financial support throughout the project lifecycle, effectively sharing risks and benefits among stakeholders [20]. Group 4: Future Focus Areas - Chongqing aims to deepen the application and promotion of value assessment standards, ensuring that ecological product value assessments are integrated into financial decision-making processes [22]. - The "Smart Forest Rights" platform will be enhanced to improve efficiency and functionality, incorporating advanced data analytics and risk monitoring capabilities [23]. - The city will continue to expand financial applications in forestry, focusing on customized financial solutions that align with specific project needs and regional characteristics [24][25].