Core Viewpoint - The lecture by Professor Deng Xiaonan highlights the cultural essence of the Song Dynasty, emphasizing the integration of refined and popular culture, which reflects the dynamic social and cultural landscape of that era [2][3][4]. Historical Context - The Song Dynasty was characterized by a "South-North" political landscape, coexisting with northern powers like Liao, Xixia, Jin, and Yuan, leading to a stable political foundation focused on internal stability and cautious external defense [10][11][12]. - The presence of northern ethnic groups not only posed challenges but also stimulated the economic and cultural vitality of the Song society [15][16]. Cultural Shifts - The cultural focus shifted towards the common people, leading to a more secular and humanistic approach, with the government allowing greater freedom for cultural and economic development [17][18][19]. - The era saw a rise in urban culture, with diverse activities depicted in artworks like "Along the River During the Qingming Festival," showcasing the richness of Song urban life [30][31]. Education and Scholarship - The Song Dynasty experienced a surge in educational opportunities, with both official and private academies emerging to prepare scholars for the civil service examinations, leading to a broader public interest in education [51][52][53]. - The era produced significant academic achievements, with the emergence of "Song Learning," "New Confucianism," and "Li Xue," reflecting a rich and diverse intellectual landscape [58][59][60]. Literary and Artistic Developments - The coexistence of refined and popular culture in literature and art was notable, with the expansion of literary forms to include poetry, lyrics, and novels, appealing to a wider audience [90][91]. - The Song Dynasty's artistic expression, particularly in painting and calligraphy, showcased a unique style that reflected the emotional and philosophical depth of the period [101][102][104]. Cultural Essence - The integration of the mundane and the refined in Song culture illustrates a profound understanding of life, where everyday experiences were infused with artistic and philosophical significance [107][108]. - The concept of "Da Su Da Ya" (great vulgarity and great elegance) encapsulates the cultural spirit of the Song Dynasty, where the pursuit of aesthetic and moral values permeated daily life [112][113].