Core Viewpoint - The Ministry of Finance, in collaboration with several other governmental bodies, has issued opinions and implementation plans to enhance the horizontal ecological protection compensation mechanism, focusing on establishing a unified compensation system in key river basins like the Yangtze and Yellow Rivers [1][2]. Group 1: Market-oriented Measures - The initiative aims to accelerate the development of trading markets for carbon emissions rights, pollution discharge rights, and water usage rights, thereby rationally defining and allocating ecological environmental rights [2]. - The plan encourages the development of sustainable ecological industries and the establishment of benefit-sharing mechanisms to promote active participation from social capital in ecological protection efforts [2]. Group 2: Diversified Compensation Approaches - Local governments are encouraged to explore diverse compensation methods based on horizontal ecological protection, including forests, grasslands, air, wetlands, deserts, oceans, water flows, and arable land [2]. - The transition from single government funding compensation to multiple compensation methods is emphasized, promoting collaborative governance and shared development [2].