Core Viewpoint - The article provides a comprehensive overview of various types of batteries, their characteristics, and applications, highlighting the importance of understanding battery technology in the context of energy storage and usage. Group 1: Types of Batteries - Alkaline batteries, lithium batteries, lead-acid batteries, and nickel-cadmium batteries are among the most common types of batteries used in various applications [1][49]. - Lithium-ion batteries are noted for their high energy density and are widely used in consumer electronics and electric vehicles [49]. - Lead-acid batteries are commonly used in automotive applications and are known for their reliability and cost-effectiveness [49]. Group 2: Battery Characteristics - Energy density is a critical measure, indicating how much energy can be stored per unit volume or weight, which is essential for evaluating battery performance [37][39]. - Self-discharge rates vary among battery types, affecting their shelf life and usability [41]. - The nominal voltage of batteries is specified by manufacturers and is crucial for ensuring compatibility with devices [25][49]. Group 3: Battery Applications - Different battery types are suited for specific applications, such as lead-acid batteries for automotive use and lithium batteries for portable electronics [49]. - Environmental protection batteries are designed to minimize ecological impact, reflecting a growing trend towards sustainability in battery technology [49]. Group 4: Testing and Performance Metrics - Various tests, such as cycle life tests and charge acceptance tests, are essential for assessing battery performance and longevity [10][30]. - The depth of discharge (DOD) is a significant factor in determining battery life and efficiency [44].