Core Viewpoint - The article discusses a groundbreaking study that establishes a set of tools for cell type-specific targeting and manipulation of neuronal activity in the primate brain, which is crucial for understanding brain structure, cognition, and diseases [3][4]. Group 1: Research Findings - The research team identified a large number of enhancers that drive gene expression in specific cell types within the macaque brain through single-cell RNA and ATAC sequencing [4]. - These enhancers were successfully used in adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors to target various excitatory and inhibitory neuron subtypes, as well as glial cell subtypes in the macaque brain [4][6]. - The study highlights evolutionary differences in brain cis-regulatory elements (CRE), as some enhancers in macaques are conserved across species, while layer-specific enhancers do not mark neurons in mice [4]. Group 2: Methodology and Tools - The research utilized a dual-enhancer orthogonal approach to enhance targeting precision [6]. - A comprehensive toolkit for cell type-specific enhancers-AAV was developed for primate studies, enabling specific manipulation and monitoring of neuronal activity in the macaque visual cortex [6][8]. - The study validated these enhancers-AAV by monitoring and manipulating the activity of the macaque visual cortex, providing valuable tools for dissecting primate neural circuit functions [8].