Group 1 - The claim that drinking hard water leads to kidney stones is a misconception; hard water is defined by its high mineral content, particularly calcium and magnesium, and does not directly cause kidney stones in healthy individuals [2][4] - Drinking insufficient water can concentrate urine, increasing the risk of urinary system stones, rather than the hardness of the water itself [4] Group 2 - Frequent hair washing does not cause hair loss; the shedding observed during washing is a natural process, as hair naturally falls out during its resting phase [5][7] - The primary factors influencing hair loss are related to immune response, genetics, hormone levels, stress, nutrition, and certain medications, rather than washing frequency [7] Group 3 - The belief that wounds must be disinfected with alcohol is a misconception; while alcohol is a common disinfectant, iodine-based solutions are often recommended for wound care due to their effectiveness and lower skin irritation [8][10] - Alcohol can damage healthy tissue around wounds, potentially hindering healing and leading to scarring [10] Group 4 - The notion that antihistamines can lead to dependency is incorrect; these medications are safe and effective without causing physical or psychological dependence [11][13] - Antihistamines work by blocking histamine receptors to alleviate allergy symptoms, and stopping their use does not result in withdrawal symptoms [13]