Core Viewpoint - The 2025 Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences was awarded to Joel Mokyr, Philippe Aghion, and Peter Howitt for their contributions to understanding innovation-driven economic growth, highlighting the importance of technological progress and creative destruction in sustaining economic growth [3]. Group 1: Nobel Prize Winners and Their Contributions - Joel Mokyr received half of the prize for identifying prerequisites for sustained growth through technological advancements [3]. - Philippe Aghion and Peter Howitt jointly received the other half for their theoretical work on achieving sustained growth through creative destruction [3]. - Aghion is recognized as a leading figure in economic growth theory, having revitalized Schumpeter's paradigm of economic growth through the Aghion-Howitt model [3]. Group 2: Insights from Aghion's Previous Interview - Aghion emphasized the importance of government support for employees and businesses to adapt to new economic environments, particularly through education, training, and income insurance [7]. - He highlighted the "Danish model," where individuals losing jobs can receive nearly 90% of their salary for two years, coupled with retraining programs, contrasting it with the lack of such support in the U.S. [7][8]. - Aghion noted that while the U.S. excels in innovation, it lacks adequate social protection for its citizens, suggesting a combination of U.S. innovation and Scandinavian-style social safety nets as an ideal model [8]. Group 3: Economic Measures and European Innovation - Aghion critiqued the U.S. government's pandemic response, indicating that while efforts were made, the absence of a robust social safety net remains a significant issue [9]. - He observed a potential shift in American attitudes towards welfare state concepts post-pandemic, suggesting an opportunity for change in social protection measures [10]. - Aghion pointed out that Europe is currently underinvesting in innovation and needs to unite to promote significant projects, advocating for a more investment-oriented approach rather than a restrictive regulatory one [11].