Summary of China Software Industry Analysis Industry Overview - The report focuses on the operational efficiency, productivity, and profitability of China software vendors from 2021 to 2024, highlighting a shift from rapid headcount expansion to a focus on high-quality talent and product-driven growth [1][2] Key Findings 1. **Employee Productivity** - Average headcount in software companies decreased from 13.3k in 2022 to 12.6k in 2023 and 2024, while revenue per employee increased from US$101k in 2021 to US$114k in 2023 and US$135k in 2024, indicating a shift towards core and innovative businesses [10][14] 2. **Operating Margin (OPM)** - The average operating margin for software companies was down in 2024 due to one-off employee compensation costs. However, operational optimizations are expected to improve margins from -12% in 1H24 to -6% in 1H25 [21][22] 3. **Supply and Demand Dynamics** - Employee compensation has seen steady growth post-2021, with companies focusing on hiring quality talent in critical verticals rather than expanding headcount indiscriminately [1][10] 4. **Research and Development (R&D)** - R&D expenses are projected to grow from US$176 million in 2023 to US$183 million in 2024, as companies focus on developing new software applications and integrating AI models [11] 5. **Recurring Revenue Impact** - Companies with high exposure to recurring revenue have better operating cash flow (OCF), averaging US$106k to US$141k from 2021 to 2024, compared to US$37k to US$52k for those reliant on project-based revenue [22][33] Company-Specific Insights - **Sensetime (0020.HK)**: Focused on selective sectors and leveraging AI tools to enhance operational efficiency [32] - **Kingsoft Office (688111.SS)**: Revenue per employee is projected to be US$137k in 2024, with a focus on subscription-based business models [34] - **Kingdee (0268.HK)**: Expected to see net profit turn positive in 2025 due to improved productivity and a shift to subscription models [34] - **Yonyou (600588.SS)**: Management anticipates stable headcount with improving productivity, post one-off compensation impacts [34] Additional Observations - The average compensation per employee in the software sector has increased steadily at a CAGR of 7% from US$131k in 2014 to US$264k in 2024, indicating a focus on high-quality talent [27][28] - The report emphasizes the importance of transitioning to a product-driven business model rather than a labor-driven one, which is crucial for long-term sustainability and profitability in the software industry [27][32] Conclusion - The China software industry is undergoing a significant transformation, focusing on enhancing productivity and profitability through strategic headcount optimization, increased R&D investment, and a shift towards recurring revenue models. This evolution presents both opportunities and challenges for companies operating in this space.

Organizational Efficiency - Employees dedicate significant time attempting to understand management's expectations [1] - Unclear instructions can lead to disorganization and inefficiency [1]