Ethical Concerns & Risks - The gene editing experiment by He Jiankui was globally condemned as unsafe, reckless, and ethically indefensible [4] - The experiment lacked sufficient consent, with a 23-page document written in English, a non-native language for many participants, and contained technical terms [5][6] - CCR5 gene, targeted in the experiment, has pleiotropic effects, potentially increasing susceptibility to other viruses like influenza [5] - Gene editing raises concerns about potential use for enhancement, creating a two-tiered society [9] - Eradicating genetically inherited diseases may imply that the lives of those living with these conditions are less valuable [10] Gene Editing Technology & Applications - CRISPR technology involves a guide RNA molecule binding to target DNA, directing the CAS9 enzyme to create a double-stranded break [2] - Cell repair mechanisms can replace or add nucleotides, disabling genes or introducing new DNA sequences [3] - Mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) is an ethically acceptable form of gene therapy, preventing mutated mitochondrial DNA from being passed on [8] - Gene editing advancements are being explored for treating Huntington's disease [10] Public Opinion & Future Outlook - A survey indicated that 76% of the British population does not support a complete ban on gene editing technology [7] - Gene editing is an undeniable part of the future, requiring societal discussion and informed opinions [10][12]

Genetic Modification & Applications - Genetic modification is evolving from scary monster scenarios to a tool for solving problems by working with nature [2][3][4] - CRISPR, a gene editing mechanism, functions by substituting targeted nucleotides, similar to substituting players on a sports team [5][6][7] - The FDA has approved genetically modified crops since 1994, indicating a history of safe use [4] Industry Impact & Disease Control - The pork industry faces significant economic losses, with over $1.2 billion spent annually in the US alone to control Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS) [8][9] - CRISPR technology is being applied to combat infectious diseases like dengue fever by modifying mosquito genes to prevent viral infection [11][12][13] Human Health & Ethical Considerations - CRISPR offers potential treatments for genetic conditions like sickle cell anemia, caused by a single nucleotide mutation [14][15] - Modifying genes can have unintended consequences, as seen with sickle cell anemia where carriers have malaria resistance [16][17] - Gene editing tools like CRISPR require careful management to ensure ethical use, highlighted by instances of illegal experimentation [17][18]