Study Findings - Long-term melatonin use linked to higher risk of heart failure and early death in adults with insomnia [1] - Individuals taking melatonin consistently for over a year were twice as likely to develop heart failure [3] - Individuals taking melatonin consistently for over a year were more than three times as likely to be hospitalized for heart failure [3] - 4.6% of melatonin users developed heart failure compared to 2.7% of non-users [3] - 19% of melatonin users were hospitalized for heart failure compared to 6.6% of non-users [3] Expert Opinions & Recommendations - Regular melatonin use may indicate underlying health issues [1] - Consider consulting a doctor if taking melatonin regularly [2] - Occasional melatonin use is not shown to cause harm [4] - More research is needed on melatonin supplements [5] - Over-the-counter availability does not guarantee safety for everyone or long-term use [5]

Patient Health Status - The president experienced mild swelling in his lower legs [2] - A comprehensive examination, including vascular studies, was conducted [3] - Chronic venous insufficiency was revealed, a common condition in individuals over 70 [3] - No evidence of deep vein thrombosis or arterial disease was found [3] - Laboratory testing, including blood count and metabolic panel, showed results within normal limits [4] - An echocardiogram confirmed normal cardiac structure and function [4] - No signs of heart failure, renal impairment, or systemic illness were identified [4] - Symmetric swelling of the legs may be a sign of aging [5][6][7] - Normal coagulation metrics, echocardiogram, and blood metrics suggest the swelling is not cardiac-related [7] - Bruising on the hand might be a separate issue from the leg swelling [7]